Soil cowpea grows on a wide range of soils but shows a preference for sandy soils that are less restrictive to root growth. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of cowpea cultivars supplementation on productivity of pedi goats fed ad libitum buffalo grass hay. Cowpea is an excellent crop to grow for pasture or with corn for silage two parts corn plus one part cowpeas and with sudan grass for hay. In inland areas, cowpea crops appear more sensitive to attack by black cowpea aphid than does lablab. The seeds can be consumed fresh along with the pods and leaves as a vegetable. F ield pea pisum sativum is a coolseason grain legume that is palatable and nutritious as grain and forage. In west africa, cowpea hay is a significant source of income for farmers during the dry season. Cowpea is an important grain legume in africa, parts of the americas and in asia.
Drought frequency in the past few years has resulted in. It can be used as a green bean snake bean, a pulse blackeye peas or as a fodder, forage and cover crop. Evaluation and utilization of cowpea vigna unguiculata l. The cowpea vigna unguiculata is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus vigna. The first pair of leaves is basic and opposite while the rest are arranged in. Two studies were carried out to investigate the effect of cowpea cultivar supplementation on productivity of pedi goats and doper sheep fed ad libitum buffalo grass. Walp is an ancient food crop, whose centre of origin has been. Even the goats and the cattle benefit from cowpea, this genuinely african crop, for the hay left over after the grain is harvested as a highvalue nutritious forage. Cowpea hay in west africa, cowpea hay is an important fodder sold in local markets. Feeding value of seedharvested cowpea vines for goats sandra. Cowpea originated in africa and is widely grown in africa, latin america, southeast asia and in the southern united states. When cowpea is grown specifically for hay, cowpea hay can be of similar quality to alfalfa hay. Pdf cowpea in evolving livestock systems researchgate.
Adult beetles are effective vectors of cowpea yellow mosaic virus. Cowpea is an annual herb with varying growth forms. The feeding value of four cowpea hay cultivars and effect of. An experiment was conducted at tuskegee university george washington carver agricultural experiment station to determine the feeding value of seedharvested cowpea vines cowpea residues for goats. This represents a 400% increase in milk productivity. In addition to grain, cowpea can produce good yields of fodder for ruminant. The cowpeas could privide summer grazing with low imputs and help provide some nitrogen for rye andor ryegrass. The grain is an excellent source of crude protein 24. Cowpeas vigna unguiculata and lablab lablab purpureus are fast growing, annual, summer forage legumes.
Cowpea is tolerant to drought but sensitive to waterlogging and usually grown under a dryland system. While feeding, this aphid produces a considerable amount of honeydew upon which sooty mold can grow. Forage and fodder for dairy production in zimbabwe download pdf. Timko and others published cowpea find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Feeding damage may be observed as a cluster of pinpoint sized white dots on the upper leaf surf ace. Cowpea hay ready for feeding dairy cows in tongogara 20. This proteinrich nitrogenfixing legume has a beneficial effect on followup crops. Forage cowpea college of agricultural, consumer and. Oats and peas as alternative forage midwest forage. Pdf the feeding value of four cowpea hay cultivars and. Chemical composition and enzymatic in vitro digestibility of cowpea cultivars and buffalo grass hay grown in limpopo province of south africa k e ravhuhali, j w ngambi and d norris department of animal production, university of limpopo, turfloop campus. Effects of dietary cowpea vigna sinensis hay and protein. In addition, cowpea is a nitrogenfixing plant, when used in rotation with cereal crops it can help restore soil fertility 6.
Three laboratory experiments were conducted at the university of zimbabwe to determine if the native ladybird beetles found in the department of crop science field plots can survive on possible alternative diets of bee pollen, dried ground chicken. The larvae feed on cowpea roots but seldom cause serious damage. Since they are highly valuable as food, cowpeas are only occasionally used to feed livestock but the hay and silage can be an important fodder. Feeding cowpea hay led to greater n utilization at least partly because of improved forage quality and improved digestibility. Special features of fodder cowpea co 9 high dry matter yield 3. It has very similar levels of protein 15% dry matter and similar energy levels to lucerne. Cowpea is called the hungryseason crop because it is the first crop to be harvested before the cereal crops gomez, 2004. Control of cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus f. To effectively utilize cowpea as livestock feed, it is important to understand the. Forage cowpea is one of the leguminous crops holding a rich treasure of crude protein. Punctures from feeding result in small malformed peas, and the results of egg laying are many legless grubs that destroy developing peas. Cowpea is the most important pulse in tropical africa, and it is grown from along tbe southern fringes of the s3bara from the west coast to east africa and southwards. Cowpeas are droughttolerant and can be produced in areas where very few other crops would survive.
Read effects of processed cowpea vigna unguiculata l. What is maximum % answered by a verified horse veterinarian. More specifically, this experiment was conducted to compare intake and digestibility of cowpea residue compared to silage in goats. Germplasm for varietal improvement of resistance to cowpea aphid aphis craccivora koch. They thrive in hot, moist zones where corn flourishes, but require more heat for optimum growth. Nov 29, 2016 school children, the scientific community, and.
P feeding of cowpea, so that the best results were obtained by birds fed 30% covvpea followed by those fed t. It is drought tolerant, can be grown on relatively poor soils, and fixes nitrogen, thereby improving soil fertility. Strategic supplementation of crossbred steers fed forages. It is an excellent quality crop for fattening both sheep and cattle, and is also regarded as good feed for milking cows. Pdf evaluation of forage cowpea and hey as a feed resource. Rainfall of 450mm year will be sufficient to produce 1t seed ha and 4t hay ha. Drought frequency in the past few years has resulted in shortage of livestock. To effectively utilize cowpea as livestock feed, it is important to understand the systems of animal production and the changes occurring that will influence how cowpea is used as a feed resource now and in the future. The stems, leaves, and vines can be harvested and given to livestock fresh but are more commonly dried and turned into hay or silage. Excellent hay, and particularly silage, can be made by harvesting a mixed crop of cowpea and forage sorghum or millet. Also, cowpea can be used as a summer fodder crop fed as fresh or hay. Afghanistan water, agriculture and technology transfer awatt forage program 4 forage cowpea field and cowpea plant of cream1 variety from egypt at mailbadam bagh agricultural research station, kabul in july 2010 oushy, 2010.
With high fertilizer prices, i wonder if cowpeas in rotation with winter annuals might be a good idea. Its drought tolerance makes it valuable in rainfed agriculture or in unirrigated fallow fields. Improving the production and utilization of cowpea as food. Milk yield per cow and the cost of feed to produce milk. Some accessions have been evaluated for use as ley pastures. Each cowpea hay cultivar was given as a supplement at four levels 50, 100, 150 and 200 g day1 to a diet of buffalo grass fed ad libitum to indigenous pedi goats. Cowpea, vigna unguiculata l walpers, fabaceae, is an important edible legume crop in many parts of the world especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The growth rate of lambs grazing cowpeas is equal to a concentrate hay diet. Cowpea is eaten by deer as forage, and is commonly used in food plots for deer. Growing cowpeas, cultivation practices for beginners. High beetle populations can totally defoliate cowpea seedlings and kill them.
Cowpea is a higher droughttolerant crop than many other crops. Walp haulms as a feed supplement on voluntary intake, utilization and blood profile of west african dwarf sheep fed a basal diet of pennisetum purpureum in the dry season, animal feed science and technology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available. Nutrients provided by cowpea make it extremely valuable where many people cannot afford proteins from animal sources such as meat and fish akpapunam and sefadedeh, 1997. Afghanistan water, agriculture, and technology transfer. Welldistributed rainfall is important for normal growth and development of cowpeas. Birds, especially of the parrot family, could be a problem for cowpea crops, as they can pullup emerging seedlings and feed on. Effect of cowpea hay supplementation on milk production. Cowpea aphid on alfalfauc pest management guidelines. Cowpea vigna unguiculata forage feedipedia agritrop cirad. They inhibit nitrogenfixing, a key characteristic of legumes such as cowpeas. Exact figures on area cultivated for cowpeas in africa are not available because of lack of reliable statistical enumeration. It requires very few inputs, as the plants root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resourcepoor farmers and wellsuited to intercropping with. Cowpea aphid injects a powerful toxin into the plant while feeding and, when their numbers are high, this can stunt or even kill plants. Therefore, cowpea can play an important role in the development of agriculture.
Norton, cowpea hay is a legume hay very similar to lucerne and has been fed safely to horses. The general public which include consumers and voters. Considering all the protein sources that might possibly help africas malnourished millions, none seems more promising or more practical than grain legumes. In smallholder systems, when used as a dualpurpose legume, cowpea hay can be used as animal feed. Educational materials prepared for school children from kindergarten to grade 12 will help them to understand the basics of the feed efficiency of dairy cows and dairy sustainability. In cowpea flour, lipoxygenase activity results in higher free fatty acids and fat acidity, decreasing storage stability and product quality bitterness and beany taste kasiryealemu, 1980. Cowpea is the third most important crop in botswana after maize, zea mays l. Cowpea straw is an excellent roughage and nearly as valuable as the hay. The effect of feeding cowpea vigna nngialata onbroiler. Legume seeds famously deliver the amino acids needed to grow or repair proteinbased tissues such as brain, nerve, and muscle, as well as to. Pdf feeding performance and effectiveness of ladybird.
However, excellent palatability, nutrient density and digestibility are positive factors. Cowpeas were used routinely in the south about 100 years ago as a low cost forage that could tolerate drought. These spots result from adults puncturing the pod to feed on or to lay eggs. Effects of feeding tropical forage legumes on nutrients.
Hay is harvested as soon as the first pods start to dry, by hoeing the cowpeas by hand or with a vblade on a tractor, and then left to dry. The plant can be used as a forage or for hay or silage. Cowpea production training manual iita bibliography. Some varieties of cowpea are used specifically for wildlife purposes ball et al. A variety of birds, including wild turkey, eat the seeds and the plant can be used by quail as cover. Forages grazed as standing hay, cut and fed fresh or dried are all affected by the stage of maturity.
Field pea grain and forage for beef cattle publications. Cowpea grains are consumed as food and the haulms are fed to livestock. The black sooty mold reduces photosynthesis and may make leaves unpalatable to livestock. Kansas rural center cowpeas sustainable agriculture.
When cut, cowpea can be mixed with dry cereals for stallfeeding tarawali et al. Feed efficiency and sustainability in the dairy industry. The grain is a rich feed, excellent for poultry but little used for other feeding. Advanced evaluation of cowpea vigna unguiculata accessions. However, it is not only humans that enjoy the crop. Cowpeas are the most productive heat adapted legume used agronomically in the u.
In west africa, cowpea hay is an important fodder sold in local markets. The inferior feeding value of forages from cropping system 1 t3 could be attributed to leaf shattering of the trifolium component. Cowpeas contain antinutritional factors including lectins, trypsin inhibitors and tannins makinde et al. There have been attempts at using cowpea leaf meal in pig feeding. Thickness of the cowpea seed coat has been reported to range from 5.
Cowpea hay also contains a fairly high quantity of. The frequency and unreliability of rainfall pose problems to. National research council nrc, 1996 and other nutrients for beef cattle table 1. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cowpea hay supplementation on milk production parameters.
Proper feeding and good balanced rations remain the cornerstone of a successful dairy operation. Cowpea curculio is a small weevil that causes blisterlike spots on the surface of the pod. Cowpea and lablab on intake, digestion, and metabolism of nutrients experiment 3. The feeding value of four cowpea hay cultivars and effect of their supplementation on intake and digestibility of buffalo grass hay fed to pedi goats. Cowpea can also be used for the production of high quality hay or silage, when mixed with crops. The feeding value of four cowpea hay cultivars and effect of their. The estimated worldwide area under cowpea is about 14 million ha of which west africa alone accounts for about 9. Oats and peas as alternative forage by vance owens, thandiwe nleya and peter jeranyama, south dakota state university perennial forages provide most of the livestock feed in western south dakota, a major livestock producing region. Forage potential of cowpea vigna unguiculata l fieldcrops. Once established, the crops may be damaged by various caterpillars feeding on the growing points and leaves of plants, and by locust swarms.
For band treatment, reduce amounts according to the portion of acre treated. Cowpea fodder gives more milk in northern senegal, during the dry season, the inclusion of legume hay forage cowpea in the diet of the cows, increases the average milk production per cow from about 0. The soil can vary from sandy to clay, but easily waterlogged soil should be avoided. In addition to grain, cowpea can produce good yields of fodder for ruminant feeding systems. It is used as human food due to its high protein content and also as livestock feed to make silage and hay. It may be erect, trailing, climbing or bushy, usually indeterminate under favourable conditions. However, the superior digestibility of maizelablab plus cowpea hay resulted in 1.
Cowpea crops are also susceptible to nematodes and should therefore not be planted consecutively on the same land. It is very commonly used in livestock as a fattener for sheep and cattle milking cows. Its fresh or dried seeds, pods and leaves are commonly used as human food. The improvement in live weight gain and conversion ratio birds fed cowpea might be due to the high digestibility cowpea which led to improve the efficiency of utiliatin. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall, it is an important crop in the semiarid regions across africa and asia. In a crop rotation program, they can significantly improve soil nitrogen levels by nitrogen fixation or by incorporation in soil as a green manure crop. The nutritive and economic potential of cowpea vigna unguiculata. Seed production in case of seed production, cowpea plants should not be cut for forage at all. Herbicide treatment comments for specific weeds controlled by each herbicide, check table on page 29. Cowpeas require little or no fertilizer and do not cause bloat in lambs. The trading of seeds and processed foods from cowpea provides both urban and rural opportunities for earning regular income. Cowpea hay is a nutritious balanced fodder for animals singh et al.
Taller, viny types are more vigorous and better suited for use as cover crops. They are excellent quality crops for fattening both sheep and cattle, and are also regarded as good feed for milking cows. It can grow under rainfall ranging from 400 to 700 mm per annum. Cowpea diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. The cowpea seed coat contains pectic substances with the following sugar compositions. Are there any antinutritious factors to watch out for. Forage production and conservation manual growing and ensiling annual and perennial forage crops. Africa cowpea hay is an important product for sale in local markets. In each of the five farms involved, four lactating cows were selected, and assigned into two groups.
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